Education

TRANSLOCATION IN PLANTS A. Translocation is necessary as every part of the plant needs food to get energy and for developing his body.The translocation of water,salt and nutrients in plants talks place on the basis of these points- 1)Direction-  a)UPward direction    b)Radial direction    c)Downwardly 2)Path - Xylem and phloem a)Continuity of vascular tissues is distributed by their removal. b)Food materials are send upwardly c)In radial dierection Leaves make food by the process of photosysthesis.The food is in the form of a simple sugar.The food manufactured by the leaves is transported by a tube called phloem and process is called translocation.The movement of material through phloem depends on sieve tubes,which are living cells.These are connected with each other by perforated sieve plates,forming a continuous passage through which food dissolves substance can move freely.Food molecules enter the phloem cells from mesophyll cells of the leaf.After entering they can

CIRCULATION IN unicellular organism A.It takes place by means of protoplasm.They are of three types- 1)Rotation-The protoplasm moves around vacuole inside a cell in one direction only within lockwise or anti-clockwise direction. 2)Circulation-The protoplasm moves in differebt directions inside cell vacuole. 3)Amoebid movement-Protoplam moves like amoeba with the help of pseudopodia.

BLOOD CLOTTING A.Blood clots form when there is damage to the lining of a blood vessel, either an artery or a vein.Blood flows out from that point of injury.Immediately,the blood changes into jelly like substance called plasma.Plasma is separated,jelly like structure is known as clot and the mechanism as coagulation.This protects further blood flow. At the injured point,a protein named lipoprotein comes out and liberate injured thrombocyte phosphiolipids which combines with Ca 2+  and plasma forms enzyme prothrombin. Promothrombinase is the presence of Ca 2+  ions changes the inactive prothrombin into active thrombin.Thrombin changes the soluble fibonitrogen into insoluble fibrin.As soon as the fibrin comes in contact with outer environment,it converts into thread like network.In this fibrin network the corpuscles entangles and blood flow stops and blood at that place clot ,it is called blood clot.

Q.BLOOD TRANSFUSION A. Whenever there is a deficiency of blood in body,then to compensate it,blood is given.this process is called transfusion.blood is given to any person after comparing the blood.Blood banks are present in hospitals. Q.Rh FACTOR A. Antigen D is present in American Monkey.Such antigen present in the blood of those persons,they are called Rh positive and if not,they are called Rh negative.

Q.Trachea doesnot shrink after losing air.Why? A.In trachea there is a cuticular lings which is known as intima.Due to this linging it doesnot collapse. Q.What is Haemoglobin? A.Respiratory pigment found in RBCs of man which gives oxygen to man which exchanging ca

Respiration in earthworms(cutaneous-by skin) In earthworms respiration process takes place through its  moist, thin and highly vascular skin . The oxygen gas absorbed by the skin diffuses into the blood.In blood oxygen and carbon dioxide combine with each other and transported to all the cells of the body. In the cells, oxygen is used up for oxidation of food. During this process, carbon dioxide is produced. Then, this carbon dioxide mixes in the blood and diffused out of the body through its moist skin.

Respiration in grasshopper(by trachea) The process of breathing in insects such as grasshopper and cockroach is very slow. Insects do not breathe like human beings.In insects respiration takes place through  tracheae . Tracheae are tube like structures that open on the sides of their body through tiny holes called  spiracles . Each trachea is further divided into fine tubules called  tracheoles  which reach all the parts of the body. During respiration, the oxygen rich air enter in the body of these insects through spiracles and reach all the cells of the body by passing through network of trachea and tracheoles. Thus, every cell gets oxygen directly. In the cells oxygen gas is used up to break the food particles. During breaking up of food a large amount of carbon dioxide gas and energy is produced. The carbon dioxide produced during respiration is released out of the body through the same network.

Respiration in plants It is controlled and regulated by enzymes.Energy is released in the form of chemical bond by three process-1)Glycolysis   2)Kreb’s Cycle      3)Electron Transport Chain 1)Glycolysis  - Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 , into pyruvate, CH 3 COCOOH. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and 2NADH 2  1)Takes place in absence of oxygen 2)From one molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvic acid is formed 3)It is an oxidation process 4)Chemical energy is stored in form of ATP and 2NADH 2 . 2)Kreb’s Cycl e-1)This reaction takes place in mitochondria. 2)In presence of Oxygen. 3)One molecule of pyruvic acid gives one hydrogen and CO 2  in beginning. At the end total 12 hydrogen and 6 is CO 2  released 3)Electron Transport System -All free enzymes are found in mitochondria.

Respiration in fishes(by gills) Fishes specially bony fishes have internal gills.Gills are protected by external bony plate called operculum.Under the operculum chamber,gill pouches are present which maintains the flown of water in gill pouch and thus gills remain in contact with water.Gills are arranged in row,a comb like structure called gill filaments.Gill filaments are are raised into no. of horizontal flat folds called gill lamellae which are richly supplied with blood capillaries.Here exchange of CO 2  and O 2  takes place by diffusion through blood.

Respiration in human beings(by lungs)   Lungs are the main respiratory organs where exchange of gases takes place. Following is the detail of human respiratory system. Nasal cavity In human beings air containing oxygen enter the body through nose.There are present two holes in our nose called nostrils. The nostrils opens behind in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity lies above the buccal cavity.The function of nasal cavity is to moisten, warm and trap dust particles present in the air coming in it through nostrils.The nasal cavity opens behind in thepharynx.      2.Pharynx   Pharynx is a common passage for both the respiratory and digestive system. It leads into the  larynx (voice box) . Larynx   It is also known as voice box. It lies at the top of trachea. The pharynx opens into the larynx through a slit like opening called  glottis . The glottis is protected by a leaf shaped flap of cartilage called  epiglottis . Epiglottis covers the mouth of glottis when we swallow food, s

Aerobic respiration   and  Anaerobic respiration   Aerobic respiration It occurs in presence of oxygen.  CO 2  and water is produced Lot of energy is liberated (38 ATP) It occurs in plants' and animals' cells  C 6 H 12 O 6  --> CO 2  + H 2 O + ATP ( Energy) Food is completely oxidized. Anaerobic respiration It occurs in absence of oxygen  Lactic Acid or Alchol is produced  Relatively small energy is liberated (2ATP)  It occurs in manybacteria and human muscle cells.  C 6 H 12 O 6  --> Lactic acid / C 2 H 5 OH + ATP Food is incompletely oxidized.

Inspiration  and  Expiration Inspiration(inhalation) During inspiration, the outer intercostal muscles contract which raises the chest cavity or the ribs. This is accompanied by the lowering of the diaphragm. Together these movements serve to increase the area of the thoracic cavity which reduces the pressure. The air from outside rushes into the lungs. Expiration(exhalation) During expiration the inner intercostal muscles contract bringing the ribs back to the original position and the diaphragm is also raised back. This reduces the space in the chest cavity and increases the pressure. This expels the air out of the lungs.

Respiration and Breathing  Respiration 1.The process of releasing energy from food.  2.It is a biochemical process  3.It takes place in mitochondria  4.It releases energy  Breathing 1.The process of taking O2 and releasing CO2. 2.It is a chemical process 3.It takes place in lungs 4.It utilises energy

KHABAR NAHI THI..... KHABAR NAHI THI, UNKE ANE KI, PAR MAANGI THI DUA, SAATH NIBHANE KI.. KHO SA GAYA THA, WO MERA ASMAN, JAISE GRAHAN KAR LIYA, SURAJ NE CHANDRAMAN.. AB TK THA , UNKE ANE KA INTEZAAR, PAR KYA AENGE VO, ABKI BAAR… BANDH KR CHALE THE KAFAN, AANE KA VADA KRKE, KAISE RUKENGE AANSU, TU GYA HAI MJHE AADHA KRKE…                            SALUTE TO WIVES OF SOLDIERS ,WHO ALSO FIGHTS IN EQIVALENCY                                   SHUBHAM ARYA

VO MERA AHEM HI THA..... Chod diya, fir na rehem kiya, Vo mera ahem hi tha , Waqt tha, badal na saka, Vo mera ahem hi tha.. Bandhan tute, Rishte mene tod diye, Vo mera ahem hi tha… Yaadein thi, haath mene hi taape, Vo mera ahem hi tha.. Ansh the, Aksh mene na chode, Vo mera ahem hi tha.. Vo mera ahem hi tha Vo mera ahem hi tha…                            Shubham Arya...

                Wo waqt bhi kya tha....... Ghr tha , Wo angan tha, Wo waqt bhi kya tha, Wo waqt hamara tha,   Umang thi, Wo hasrat thi, Wo masti thi, Wo kagaz ki kashti thi,   Shayar the hum bhi, Par aaj lavz hi nahi hai, Vo waqt bhi kya tha, Vo waqt hamara tha,   Vo bado ki baate thi, Jo Rakhte the saraankhon par, Aaj vo bade na rahe, Unhe dhundhte hai chauraho par,   Shabdo ka parhez, Aaj bhi karte hai, Vo waqt bhi kyat ha, Wo waqt hamara tha,   Aaj kuch bhi de, Ye zindagi, Dor ki ghaanth,  kaise hataegi   inn sb ki kami, kya kab hi poori hopaegi, vo bhi kya waqt tha, wo waqt hamara tha,   vo bhi kya waqt tha, vo waqt hamara tha tha             Shubham Arya

Insaan dikhaai deta hai..... MAndir mein daana chugkar chidiya masjid me paani peeti hai, Maine suna hai  Radha ki chunri koi Salma begum seeti hai, Ek Rafi tha mehfil mehfil Raghupati Raghav gaata tha, Ek Premchand baccho ko Idgah sunaata tha, Kabhi Kanhaiya ki mahima gaata Raskhan sunaai deta hai, Auro ko dikhte honge hindu aur musalmaan, Mujhe to har shaksa ke bheetar Insaan dikhaai deta hai.........

मुझे तो हर शख्स के भीतर इंसान दिखाई देता है...  मंदिर  में दान चुगकर चिड़िया  मस्जिद  में पानी पीती है, मैंने सुना है  राधा  की चुनरी कोई  सलमा  बेगम सीती है , एक  रफ़ी  था महफ़िल महफ़िल  रघुपति  राघव गाता था , एक  प्रेमचंद  बच्चो को  ईदगाह  सुनाता था , कभी  कन्हैया  की महिमा गाता  रसखान  सुनाई देता है , औरो को दीखते होंगे  हिन्दू  और  मुसलमान  , मुझे तो हर शख्स के भीतर  इंसान  दिखाई देता है .........