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Q.Trachea doesnot shrink after losing air.Why? A.In trachea there is a cuticular lings which is known as intima.Due to this linging it doesnot collapse. Q.What is Haemoglobin? A.Respiratory pigment found in RBCs of man which gives oxygen to man which exchanging ca

Respiration in earthworms(cutaneous-by skin) In earthworms respiration process takes place through its  moist, thin and highly vascular skin . The oxygen gas absorbed by the skin diffuses into the blood.In blood oxygen and carbon dioxide combine with each other and transported to all the cells of the body. In the cells, oxygen is used up for oxidation of food. During this process, carbon dioxide is produced. Then, this carbon dioxide mixes in the blood and diffused out of the body through its moist skin.

Respiration in grasshopper(by trachea) The process of breathing in insects such as grasshopper and cockroach is very slow. Insects do not breathe like human beings.In insects respiration takes place through  tracheae . Tracheae are tube like structures that open on the sides of their body through tiny holes called  spiracles . Each trachea is further divided into fine tubules called  tracheoles  which reach all the parts of the body. During respiration, the oxygen rich air enter in the body of these insects through spiracles and reach all the cells of the body by passing through network of trachea and tracheoles. Thus, every cell gets oxygen directly. In the cells oxygen gas is used up to break the food particles. During breaking up of food a large amount of carbon dioxide gas and energy is produced. The carbon dioxide produced during respiration is released out of the body through the same network.

Respiration in plants It is controlled and regulated by enzymes.Energy is released in the form of chemical bond by three process-1)Glycolysis   2)Kreb’s Cycle      3)Electron Transport Chain 1)Glycolysis  - Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 , into pyruvate, CH 3 COCOOH. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and 2NADH 2  1)Takes place in absence of oxygen 2)From one molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvic acid is formed 3)It is an oxidation process 4)Chemical energy is stored in form of ATP and 2NADH 2 . 2)Kreb’s Cycl e-1)This reaction takes place in mitochondria. 2)In presence of Oxygen. 3)One molecule of pyruvic acid gives one hydrogen and CO 2  in beginning. At the end total 12 hydrogen and 6 is CO 2  released 3)Electron Transport System -All free enzymes are found in mitochondria. ...

Respiration in fishes(by gills) Fishes specially bony fishes have internal gills.Gills are protected by external bony plate called operculum.Under the operculum chamber,gill pouches are present which maintains the flown of water in gill pouch and thus gills remain in contact with water.Gills are arranged in row,a comb like structure called gill filaments.Gill filaments are are raised into no. of horizontal flat folds called gill lamellae which are richly supplied with blood capillaries.Here exchange of CO 2  and O 2  takes place by diffusion through blood.

Respiration in human beings(by lungs)   Lungs are the main respiratory organs where exchange of gases takes place. Following is the detail of human respiratory system. Nasal cavity In human beings air containing oxygen enter the body through nose.There are present two holes in our nose called nostrils. The nostrils opens behind in the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity lies above the buccal cavity.The function of nasal cavity is to moisten, warm and trap dust particles present in the air coming in it through nostrils.The nasal cavity opens behind in thepharynx.      2.Pharynx   Pharynx is a common passage for both the respiratory and digestive system. It leads into the  larynx (voice box) . Larynx   It is also known as voice box. It lies at the top of trachea. The pharynx opens into the larynx through a slit like opening called  glottis . The glottis is protected by a leaf shaped flap of cartilage called  epiglottis . Epiglott...

Aerobic respiration   and  Anaerobic respiration   Aerobic respiration It occurs in presence of oxygen.  CO 2  and water is produced Lot of energy is liberated (38 ATP) It occurs in plants' and animals' cells  C 6 H 12 O 6  --> CO 2  + H 2 O + ATP ( Energy) Food is completely oxidized. Anaerobic respiration It occurs in absence of oxygen  Lactic Acid or Alchol is produced  Relatively small energy is liberated (2ATP)  It occurs in manybacteria and human muscle cells.  C 6 H 12 O 6  --> Lactic acid / C 2 H 5 OH + ATP Food is incompletely oxidized.

Inspiration  and  Expiration Inspiration(inhalation) During inspiration, the outer intercostal muscles contract which raises the chest cavity or the ribs. This is accompanied by the lowering of the diaphragm. Together these movements serve to increase the area of the thoracic cavity which reduces the pressure. The air from outside rushes into the lungs. Expiration(exhalation) During expiration the inner intercostal muscles contract bringing the ribs back to the original position and the diaphragm is also raised back. This reduces the space in the chest cavity and increases the pressure. This expels the air out of the lungs.

Respiration and Breathing  Respiration 1.The process of releasing energy from food.  2.It is a biochemical process  3.It takes place in mitochondria  4.It releases energy  Breathing 1.The process of taking O2 and releasing CO2. 2.It is a chemical process 3.It takes place in lungs 4.It utilises energy